|
Railway Hawking In North East India And Determinants Of Choosing The Trade By The Hawkers: A Study On Select Routes Of Northeast Frontier Railways
[Full Text]
AUTHOR(S)
Nilanjan Mazumdar, Dr. D. Ghosh
KEYWORDS
informal sector, marginalized, natural market, northeast India, railway hawkers
ABSTRACT
The spirit of India resides in the countryside areas; the north-eastern expanse constitutes clusters of rural and suburban areas. The informal employment has a distinctive role in this region for generating employment, reducing poverty, achieving higher rate of growth and development of rural areas. A considerable population in the recent times find their way of earning their livelihood through informal trade apart from agricultural cultivation and farming, which is a major sector considering the Indian context. The current study makes an attempt to understand the demographic composition of the railway hawkers examines the product portfolio of the railway hawkers and indicates the determinants of choosing railway hawking as a principal trade. The study is based on primary data collected through field survey over major rail routes across five divisions of Northeast Frontier Railway namely Katihar, Alipurduar, Lumding, Rangiya and Tinsukia division. In order to identify the determinants of choosing railway hawking as a principal occupation, a non-parametric test, for this study a Chi-Square test was conducted to determine the association amongst various nominal variables under the study and the determinants identified are namely age, education level, and mobility of the trade, accessibility and proximity to work station.
REFERENCES
[1] Armstrong, W. and McGee, T. G. 1985 Theatres of ac- cumulation: studies in Asian and Latin American urbanization. London and New York: Methuen.
[2] Avirgan, T., Bivens, L. J., & Gammage, S. Book| Wages, Incomes, and Wealth. , pp. 123-135, 1993.
[3] Perera, L. R. (1994). Accommodating Informal Sector Enterprises in the Urban Built-Environment. Human Settlements Development Programme, School of Environment, Resources & Development, Asian Institute of Technology.
[4] Quijano-Obregon, A. (1974): ‘The Marginal Pole of the Economy and the Marginalised Labour Force’, Economy and Society, 3,4,393428
[5] Mathew, P.M. (1989). Urban Informal sector: How it should be understood?, Urban Affairs Quarterly, 4, pp. 57– 65
[6] Mazumdar, D. (1976). The Urban Informal Sector, World Development, 4 (8), pp. 35-4
[7] Mitullah.W.V. and I. N. Wachira (1997). Informal Labour in the Construction Industry in Kenya: A Case Study of Nairobi, Available at http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_emp/@emp_policy/@invest/documents/publication/wcms_asist_8175.pdf
[8] Nelson, N. (1988). How Women and Men Get by: The Sexual Division of Labour in the Informal Sector of a Nairobi Squatter Settlement, in J. Gugler (ed.), The Urbanization of the Third World, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 183-203C.
[9] Nwaka, G.I. (2005). The Urban Informal Sector in Nigeria; Towards Economic Development; Environmental Health and Social Harmony, Global Urban Development Magazine 1 (1), pp. 1-11
[10] Sethuraman, S.V. (1981). The Urban Informal sector in Developing Countries: Employment Poverty and Environment, Geneva: ILO, p. 173
[11] Todaro, M. (1969). A Model of Labour Migration and Urban Employment in Less Developed Countries, New York: Plenum.
[12] Young, K. (1981). Women and the Informal Sector, Special Issue of Bulletin of the Institute of Developmental Studies, 10, pp. 3-4
[13] Hart, Keith. "Informal income opportunities and urban employment in Ghana." The journal of modern African studies 11.1 (1973): 61-89.
[14] International Labour Office (1997). Employment,Incomes and Equality. A Strategy for Increasing Productive Employment in Kenya, World EmploymentReport, Geneva. Available athttp://www.freepatentsonline.com/article/Journal-International-Business-Economics/208535028.html
[15] International Labour Office (1972). Employability in the Global Economy: How Training Matters, World Employment Report, Geneva. Available at http://www.ilo.org
[16] Srija, A., & Shirke, S. V. (2014). An analysis of the informal labour market in India. Economy Matters, 45(12), 28-29.
[17] Gurtoo, A., & Williams, C. C. (2009). Entrepreneurship and the informal sector: some lessons from India. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 10(1), 55-62.
[18] Bhowmik, S. K. (2003). National policy for street vendors. Economic and Political Weekly, 1543-1546
[19] Anjaria, J. S. (2006). Street hawkers and public space in Mumbai. Economic and Political Weekly, 2140-2146.
[20] Saha, D. (2011). Working life of street vendors in Mumbai. The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, 54(2), 301-325.
[21] Bhowmik, S. (2012). Street vendors in the global urban economy. Taylor & Francis
[22] Bhowmik, S. K., & Saha, D. (2012). Street vending in ten cities in India. Delhi National Association of Street Vendors of India.
[23] Roy, A. (2005). Urban Informality: Toward an Epistemology, Journal of the American Planning Association, 71: 2, pp.147-158
[24] Roy, A. and N. Al Sayyad (2004). Urban Informality:Transnational perspectives from the Middle East, SouthAsia and Latin America, Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
|
