IJSTR >> Volume 5 - Issue 7, July 2016 Edition

[Full Text]

AUTHOR(S)

Ganesh Ghosh, Danish Khan

KEYWORDS

Antioxidant, Antimicrobial activity, Chemotherapy, Flavonoids, MIC/MBC, Synergistic effect and Topoisomerase enzyme.

ABSTRACT

Several studies suggest that natural flavonoids with antioxidants and can influence the response to chemotherapy as well as the development of adverse side effects that results from treatment with antineoplastic agents and It’s prevalence over Multi drug resistant bacterial strain revived interest on Flavonoids. Synergistic effect is defined as passive interaction arises when two agents combine and together, they exert an inhibitory effect that is greater than the sum of individual effect The new Synergistic therapy so that antioxidant are more effective in combination on multi drug resistant bacterial strain. Interaction between natural antioxidants and topoisomerase enzyme can be seen through Quercetin as a potent antimicrobial compound alone and in combination with other natural antioxidant like rutin. MIC/MBC result show antibacterial activity of the flavonoids were enhanced when used in combination against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumonae, Escherichia coli as the test bacteria. The combination of rutin and quercetin, rutin and gallic acid, mannitol and gallic acid were much more effective than either flavonoid alone. Furthermore, It’s gave a good relation between these antioxidant compound and antimicrobial activity. Flavonoids as a chemotherapeutic agent and its Synergistic effect can be solution for various microbial disease conditions.

REFERENCES

[1] Abad MJ (2011). Marine Compounds and their Antimicrobial Activities. Science against microbial pathogens: communicating current research and technological advances.

[2] Alam Sher (2009). Antimicrobial Activity of Natural Products from Medicinal Plants. Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences. 7:1-76.

[3] Andrews JM. (2001) Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 48 (Suppl. 1):5-16. PMID 11420333.

[4] BagchiManashi, Mark Milnes, Casey Williams, Jaya Balmoori, Xumei Ye, Sidney Stohs and DebasisBagchi (1999). "Acute and chronic stress-induced oxidative gastrointestinal injury in rats, and the protective ability of a novel grape seed proanthocyanidin extract". Nutrition Research 19 (8): 1189–1199. Baker JT, Borris RP, (2001) Carte B et al. Natural product drug discovery and development: New perspective on international collaboration. J. Nat. Prod. 58: 1325-1357.

[5] Boumendjel A, Pietro AD, Dumontet C, Barron D. Recent Advances in the Discovery of Flavonoids and Analogs with High-Affinity Binding to P-Glycoprotein Responsible for Cancer Cell Multidrug Resistance. Med. Res. Rev. 2002: 22: 512-529.

[6] Brooks BR, Bruccoleri RE, Olafson BD, Sate DJ, Swaminathan S, Karplus M. ―CHARMM: A program for macromolecular energy minimization and dynamics calculations. Journal of Computational Chemistry. 1983;4:187–217.

[7] Chattopadhyay RR and Bhattacharyya SK (2007). Herbal spices as alternative antimicrobial food preservatives: An update. Pharmacog. Rev: Vol.1 239-247.

[8] Chebil, L, Humeau, C, Falcimaigne, A, Engasser, J, Ghoul, M, Enzymatic acylation of flavonoids. Process Biochemistry 2006; 41: 2237-2251.

[9] Cook, NC, Samman, S. Flavonoids: Chemistry, metabolism, cardioprotective effects and dietary sources. Nutritional Biochemistry 1996; 7: 66-76.

[10] Cushnie, TPT, Lamb, AJ. Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids. International Journal Of Antimicrobial Agents 2005; 26: 343-356.

[11] Di Carlo G., Mascolo N., Izzo AA., Capasso F. (1999), Flavonoids: old and new aspects of a class of natural therapeutic drugs. Life Sci., 65, 337–353.

[12] Duke JA. The Green Pharmacy. Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press; 1997:128.

[13] Emiko Iwaoka & Shunji Aoki (February 2011) Inhibition of virulence potential of Vibrio cholerae by natural compounds. Indian J Med Res 133, pp 232-239.

[14] Erkoc S, Erkoc F., Keskin N, (2003)Theoretical investigation of querce-tin and its radical isomers. J. Mol. Struct., 631, 141–146.

[15] Fernandez, SP, Wasowski, C, Loscalzo, LM, Granger, RE, Johnston, GAR, Paladini, AC, Marder, M. Central nervous system depressant action of flavonoid glycosides. European Journal of Pharmacology 2006; 539: 168-176.

[16] Ganesh Ghosh & Dr. Danish Khan(July 2016) “Chemotherapeutic effect of natural antioxidant flavonoids in pathogenic microbes and their synergistic effect.” Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)Vol-2, Issue-8,ISSN: 2454-1362,Page:767, http://www.onlinejournal.in

[17] Geissman TA, Crout DHG. Organic Chemistry of Secondary Plant Metabolism.San Francisco: Freeman, Cooper & Company; 1969:183-230.

[18] Goodsell DS, Morris GM, Olson AJ. Automated docking of flexible ligands: applications of AutoDock. J. Mol Recognition. 1996;9:1-5.

[19] Harborne JB., Williams ChA., (2000) Advances in flavonoid research since 1992. Phytochemistry, 55,481–504.

[20] Heim, KE, Tagliaferro, AR, Bobliya, DJ. Flavonoids antioxidants: Chemistry, metabolism and structure-activity relationships. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 2002; 13: 572-584.

[21] Huey R, Morris GM, Olson AJ, Goodsell DSA. Semiempirical free energy force field with chargebased desolvation. J Comput Chem. 2007;28:1145-1152.

[22] Iwu MW, Duncan AR, Okunji CO, (1999): New antimicrobials of plant origin In: Janick, J. (Ed.), Perspectives on New crops and New Uses. ASHS Press, Alexandr, VA, pp. 457-462.

[23] Jachak SM, Saklani A. (2007): Challenges and opportunities in drug discovery from plants. Current Science, 92:1251-1257.

[24] Kaur Ch, Kapoor HC. (2001), Antioxidants in fruits and vegetables – the millennium’s health. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol., 36, 703–725.

[25] Kevin K. Schrader(28 June 2010) Plant Natural Compounds with Antibacterial Activity towards Common Pathogens of Pond-Cultured Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), Journal/ Toxins 2010, 2, 1676-1689; doi:10.3390/toxins2071676.

[26] LD Reynolds and NG Wilson, (1991) “Scribes and Scholars” 3rd Ed. Oxford. pp193. 505–20.

[27] Małgorzata Materska(2008). Quercetin and Its Derivatives: Chemical Structure and Bioactivity. Polish journal of food and nutrition sciences. Vol. 58, No. 4, pp. 407-413.

[28] Murray, MT. Quercetin: Nature’s antihistamine. Better Nutrition 1998.NTP Technical Report (no.409) on the toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of quercetin in F344/N rats. NIH Publication No. 91-3140 (1991).U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC.

[29] Okoh AI. (2008). Assessment techniques of antimicrobial properties of natural compounds of plant origin: current methods and future trends, African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 7 (12), pp. 1797-1806.

[30] Ram Kumar Pundir (2010).Comparative Studies on The Antimicrobial Activity of Black Pepper (Piper Nigrum) And Turmeric (Curcuma Longa) Extracts. International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Volume: I: Issue-2.Page: 491.

[31] Rice-Evans CA, Miller J, Paganga G. (1997), Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds. Trends Plant Sci., 2, 4, 152–159

[32] Rios JL, Recio MC. Medicinal plants and antimicrobial activity. J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 100:80–84.

[33] Russo GL. (2007), Ins and outs of dietary phytochemicals in cancer chemoprevention. Bioch. Pharm., 74, 533–544.

[34] Scalbert A, Williamson G, (2000) Dietary intake and bioavailability of polyphenols. J. Nutr., 130, 2073–2085.

[35] Sefton AM. Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance—their clinical relevance in the new millennium. Drugs 2002; 62:557–566.

[36] Shivanna Yogisha (2009) In-vitro antibacterial effect of selected medicinal plant extracts. Journal of Natural Products, Vol. 2:64-69.

[37] Singh RP, Murthy CKN, Jayaprakasha GK. (2002), Studies on the antioxidant activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel and seed extracts using in-vitro models. J. Agric. Food Chem., 50, 81–86.

[38] Tsuchiya, H. Structure-dependent membrane interaction of flavonoids associated with their bioactivity.Food Chemistry 2010; 120: 1089-1096.

[39] Turnidge JD, Ferraro MJ, Jorgensen JH (2003) Susceptibility Test Methods: General Considerations. In PR Murray, EJ Baron, JH Jorgensen, MA Pfaller, RH Yolken. Manual of Clinical Microbiology.8th Ed. Washington.American Society of Clinical Microbiology.p 1103 ISBN 1-55581-

[40] Wang Y, Xiao J, Suzek OT, Zhang J, Wang J, Bryant SH. PubChem: a public information system for analyzing bioactivities of small molecules. Nucl Acid Res. (web server issue). 2009;37:623-633.

[41] Wiczkowski W, Piskuła MK, (2004) Food flavonoids. Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci., 13/54, 101–114.

[42] Williams, RJ, Spencer, JPE, Rice-Evans, C. Serial review: Flavonoids and isoflavonones (Phytoestrogens): Absorption, Metabolism and Bioactivity. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2004; 36: 838-849.