Phytochemical Screening And Antimicrobial Study Of The Different Leaf Extracts Of Alocasia sanderiana Bull., An Endemic Philippine Plant

Abstract: The objective of this study is to investigate the phytochemical contents and evaluate the antimicrobial property of Alocasia sanderiana Bull. against a large number of pathogens. To do this, Alocasia sanderiana Bull. was screened for qualitative phytochemical tests including thin layer chromatography. Aside from the crude extract from the Rotary evaporator, three fractions from the plant were prepared using methanol, dichloromethane (DCM) and hexane. The 4 solvent extracts were then evaluated for antimicrobial activity using disc diffusion method on 18 strains of organisms. About this study, it was found out that triterpenes, tannins and saponins are present during phytochemical screening. Zones of inhibitions during the antimicrobial tests were observed but did not reach the desired zone for antimicrobial activity. The DCM fraction produced 4 mm zone against Proteus mirabilis, 3 mm for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 1 mm for Pectobacterium carotovorum and 1 mm for Candida albicans. The methanol fraction also produced a 1 mm zone against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results show that Alocasia sanderiana Bull. leaf extracts contain polyphenolic compounds but this study shows that it exhibits non-active antimicrobial activity against the 18 strains that it was tested and may not be utilized as a potential antimicrobial drug for the said strains.

REFERENCES

Deb, S., Arunachalam, A., Das, AK. Indigenous Knowledge of Nyishi Tribes on Traditional Agroforestry Systems. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 2009; 8(1): 41-46.
[2] Tien, NQ., Ngoc, PH., Minh, PH., Kiem, PV., Minh, CV., Kim, YH. New Ceramide from Alocasia macrorrhiza. Archives of Pharmacal Research 2004; 27(10): 1020-1022.

[3] Chuakul, W., Saralamp, P. Survey on Medicinal Plants Used in Khok Phayuung Village, Kaapchoeng District, Surin Province, Thailand. Journal of National Research Council Thailand 2002; 34(1).

[4] Wang, Y., Yin, J., Xu, Z. Alocasia hypnosa (Araceae), A New Species from Yunan, China. Annals of Botanical Fennici October 2005; 42: 395-398.

[5] Mulla, W., Salunkhe, V., Bhise, S. Hepatoprotective Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Leaves of Alocasia indica (Linn.) IndianJournal of Experimental Biology 2009; 47: 816-821.

[6] Kotoky, J., Das, PN. Medicinal Plants Used for Liver Diseases in Some Parts of Kamrup District of Assam, A North Eastern State of India. Fitoterapia July 2008; 79(5): 384-387.

[7] Choi, E., Hwang, JK. Screening of Indonesian Medicinal Plants for Inhibitor Activity on Nitric Oxide Production of RAW264.7 Cells and Antioxidant Activity. Fitoterapia March 2005; 76(2): 194-203.

[8] Sulaiman, B., Mansor, M. Medicinal Aroids Conservation: A Case Study of Floral Garden, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains, Malaysia. Proceedings of the 4th IMT-GT UNITET Conference 2002.

[9] Wilcox, ML., Bodeker, G. (2004). Herbal Remedies for Malaria: An Overview of Clinical Studies. UK: Harwood Press.

[10] Inta, A. et al. A Comparative Study on Medicinal Plants Used in Akha�s Traditional Medicine in China and Thailand, Cultural Coherence or Ecological Divergence?. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 28 March 2008; 116(3): 508-517.

[11] Otero, R., Nunez, V., Barona, J., Fonnegra, R., Jimenez, SL., Osorio, RG., Saldarriaga, M., Diaz, A. Snakebites and Ethnobotany in the Northwest Region of Colombia: Part III: Neutralization of the Haemorrhagic Effect of Bothrops atrox Venom. Journal of Ethnopharmacology November 2000; 73(1-2): 233-241.

[12] Houghton, P. In vitro Testing of some West African and Indian Plants Used to Treat Snakebites. European Society of Ethnopharmacology 1993.

[13] Martz, W. Plants with a Reputation Against Snakebite. Toxicon 1992; 30: 1131-1142.

[14] Soraes, AM., Ticli, FK et al. Medicinal Plants with Inhibitory Properties Against Snake Venoms. Current Medicinal Chemistry October 2005; 12(22): 2625-2641.

[15] Carles, M, Cheung, MKL, Moganti, S., Dong, TTX., Tsim, KW., Ip, NY., Sucher, NJ. A DNA Microarray for the Authentication of Toxic Traditional Chinese Medicinal Plants. Planta Medica 2005; 71: 580-584.

[16] Goonasekera, CDA., Vasanthathilake, VWJK., Ratnatunga, N., Seneviratne, CAS. Is Nai Habarala (Alocasia cucullata) A Poisonous Plant?. Toxicon June 1993; 31(6): 813-816.

[17] Colombo, ML., Assisi, F., Puppa, TD., Moro, P., Sesana, FM., Bissoli, M., Borghini, R., Perego, S., Galasso, G., Banfi, E., Davanzo, F. Exposures and Intoxications After Herb-induced Poisoning: A Retrospective Hospital-based Study. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2009; 2(2): 123-136.

[18] Moon, JM., Lee, BK., Chun, BJ. Toxicities of Raw Alocasia odora. Human and Experimental Toxicology October 2011; 30(10): 1720-1723.

[19] Chan, TY., Chan, LY., Tam, LS., Critchley, JA. Neurotoxicity following the Ingestion of a Chinese Medicinal Plant, Alocasia macrorrhiza. Human and Experimental Toxicology 1995; 14(9): 727-728.

[20] Tagwireyi, D., Ball, DE. The Management of Elephant�s Ear Poisoning. Human and Experimental Toxicology April 2001; 20(4): 189-192.

[21] Moro, PA., Assisi, F., Cassetti, F., Bissoli, M., Borghini, R., Davanzo, F., Della Puppa, T., Dimasi, V., Ferruzzi, M., Giarratana, T., Travaglia, A. Toxicological Hazards of Natural Environment: Clinical Reports from Poison Control Centre of Milan. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 2009; 8(3): 179-186.

[22] Botha, CJ., Penrith, ML. Poisonous Plants of Veterinary and Human Importance in Southern Africa. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 28 October 2008; 119(3): 549-558.

[23] Wagstaff, DJ. (2008). International Poisonous Plants Checklist: An Evidence-Based Reference. USA: Taylor and Francis Group.

[24] Peterson, ME. Talcott, PA. (2013). Small Animal Toxicology, 3rd edition. USA: Saunders.

[25] Schulte, MS., Rupley, AE. The Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice. Avian Care and Husbandry 2004; 7(2): 315-350.

[26] Catherwood, DJ. Et al. Oxalate Content of Cormels of Japanese Taro and the Effect of Cooking. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 2007; 20: 147-151.
[27]

[28] Ansel, H. (2010). Pharmaceutical Calculations, 13th edition. USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 319-322.

[29] Austria, Z., Lontoc, B., Perez, T. (2007). A Research Compedndium of 100 Wild Plants. Manila: Centro Escolar University. 207-224.

[30] Guevara G. (2005). A Guidebook to Plant Screening: Phytochemical and Biological. Manila: University of Santo Tomas. 24-57, 103-110, 120-134.

[31] Moura-Costa, GF., Nocchi, SR., Ceole, LF., de Mello, JCP., Nakamura, CV., Filho, BPD., Temponi, LG., Ueda-Nakamura, T. Antimicrobial Activity of Plants Used as Medicinals on an Indigenous Reserve in Rio das Cobras, Parana, Brazil. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2012; 143: 631-638.

[32] Benbelaid, F., Khadir, A., Abdoune, MA., Bendahuo, M. Phytochemical Screening and in vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Thymus lanceolatus Desf. From Algeria. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 2013; 3(6): 454-459.

[33] Konate, K., Yomalan, K., Sytar, O., Brestic, M. Antidiarrheal and Antimicrobial Profiles Extracts of the Leaves from Trichilia emetic Vahl. (Meliaceae). Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2015; 5(3): 242-248.

[34] Khatoon, M., Khatun, H., Islam, E., Parvin, S. Analgesic, Antibacterial and Central Nervous System Depressant Activities of Albizia procera Leaves. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2014; 4(4): 279-285.

[35] Bouabdelli, F., Djelloul, A., Kaid-Omar, Z., Semmoud, A., Addou, A. Antimicrobial Activity of 22 Plants Used in Urolithiasis Medicine in Western Algeria. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 2012; 8530-8535.

[36] Van Vuuren, SF., Naidoo, D. An Antimicrobial Investigation of Plants Used Traditionally in Southern Africa to Treat Sexually Transmitted Infections. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2010; 130: 552-558.

[37] Polya, GM. Protein and Non-Protein Protease Inhibitors from Plants. Studies in Natural Products Chemistry 2003; 29: 567-641.

[38] Wang, HX., Ng, TB. Alocasin, an Anti-fungal Protein From Rhizomes of the Giant Taro (Alocasia macrorrhiza). Protein Expression and Purification March 2003; 28(1): 9-14.

[39] Argall, ME., Bradburry, JH., Shaw, DC. Amino Acid Sequence of a Trypsin/Chemotrypsin Inhibitor From Giant Taro (Alocasia macrorrhiza). Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) � Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology 1994; 1204(2): 189-194.
[40] Dhuna, V., Sharma, K., Singh, J., Kamboj, SS. Purification and Characterization of Monocot Lectin from Tubers of Alocasia indica Having in vitro Anti-proliferative Effect on Human Cancer Cell Lines. Cancer Research 2009; 69: 2674.

[41] Kamboj, SS., Shangary, S., Singh, J., Kamboj, JJ., Sandhu, RS. New Lymphocyte Stimulating Monocot Lectins from Family Araceae. Immunological Investigations: A Journal of Molecular and Cellular Immunology 2005; 24(5): 845-855.

[42] Basu, S., Das, M., Sen, A., Choudhury, UR., Datta, G. Analysis of Complete Nutritional Profile and Identification of Bioactive Components Present in Alocasia indica Tuber Cultivated in Howrah District of West Bengal, India. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2014; 7(suppl 1): S527-S533.